RESOURCES

(** Strongly Recommended, * Suggested. From poll of MSK-USS members)

WEBSITES

• http://www.med.umich.edu/rad/muscskel/mskus/index.html - start with this site – shows how to place the probe etc.**

• http://www.doctor33.it/eular/ultrasound/index.htm - excellent reference for Eular protocol. **

• www.irheum.eu - reference for pictorial imaging essays and dynamic studies.**

• http://www.essr.org (The European Society of MusculoSkeletal Radiology) - go to ultrasound section for excellent examples of scanning major joints.

BOOKS

• Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System
  Stefano Bianchi, Carlo Martinoli**
  - BEST reference text, very detailed, excellent anatomical explanations.

• Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
  Jon A. Jacobson
  - Not yet reviewed.

• Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
  Joseph H., MD Introcaso, Marnix T. Van Holsbeeck**
  - Classic reference text, does not show how to scan.

• Eugene G. McNally
  Practical Musculoskeletal Ultrasound*
  - Excellent diagrams, follows UK guidelines.

• Bruyn GAW, Schmidt WA. Houten, NL: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
  Introductory Guide to Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Rheumatologist. 2006
  - First MSK-USS book by Rheumatologists for Rheumatologists.

• Rethy K Chhem and Etienne Cardinal*
  Guidelines and Gamuts in Musculoskeletal Ultrasound

• Mike Bradley, Paul O'Donnell
  Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy

• S Marcelis, B Daenen, M A Ferrara, Edited by R F Dondelinger
  Peripheral Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Atlas

• Ronald Adler, Carolyn M Sofka, Rock G. Positano
  Atlas of Foot and Ankle Sonography
  - Fairly useful for pictures of probe placement and uss images. Limited images pertaining to Rheumatologists.

COURSES

• ACR (American College Rheumatology) Basic and Advanced Workshops – excellentplace to start for a taste of MSK-USS. **

• AIUM (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine) – Annual courses held – mostly useful for didactic – limited hands on teaching. *

• MUSOC (Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Society an society formed exclusively and limited to a group of radiologists). Annual courses held around the world – very useful didactic information – geared towards radiology. Not much information on inflammatory conditions. *

• Antonio Reganto Course, Camden NJ. **

• Local courses arranged by fellow Rheumatology Ultrasonographers – useful in sharing experience and promoting collegiality.

LONG DISTANCE COURSES

• Burwin Institute – Musculoskeletal USS. Useful in covering basic anatomy and principles.

ANATOMY RESOURCES

• Primal DVD/CDROM Series – by far the best way of visualizing 3-D structures. *

MEDIA

• Peripheral Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: A Cd-Rom Atlas by Dondelinger and B. Daenen (CD-ROM - Feb 15, 2001) – Useful for self testing anatomy / uss images. (Atlas may be better)

• AIUM (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine) DVD on Musculoskeletal USS – not extensively reviewed by membership.

• Musculoskeletal ultrasound: a beginner's guide to normal peripheral joint anatomy. David Kane, Peter Balint, Roger Sutrrock This is a DVD that has been sponsored by the arc (www.arc.org.uk). It shows videos of normal ultrasound standard scans with oral explanation. Very nice DVD for a beginner.

ARTICLES

General

• M Backhaus et al.
  Guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in Rheumatology.
  Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:641–649. (Online version)

• W A Schmidt, H Schmidt, B Schicke, E Gromnica-Ihle.
  Standard reference values for musculoskeletal ultrasonography.
  Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:988–994. (Online version)

• Wakefield RJ, Balint P, Szkudlarek M, et al.
  Proceedings from the OMERACT Special Interest Group for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology.
  J Rheumatol 2005; 32:2485-2487.

• D. Kane et al
  Musculoskeletal ultrasound—a state of the art review in rheumatology. Part 1: Current controversies and issues in the development of musculoskeletal ultrasound in Rheumatology.
  Rheumatology 2004; 43: 823-828

• D. Kane et al
  Musculoskeletal ultrasound—a state of the art review in rheumatology. Part 2: Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound in Rheumatology.
  Rheumatology 2004; 43: 829-838

• Brown AK, O'connor PJ, Roberts TE, Wakefield RJ, Karim Z, Emery P.
  Recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasonography by rheumatologists: setting global standards for best practice by expert consensus.
  Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Feb 15;53(1):83-92. Review. Winter TC 3rd,

• Teefey SA, Middleton WD.
  Musculoskeletal ultrasound: an update.
  Radiol Clin North Am. 2001 May;39(3):465-83. Review.

• Cardinal E, Chhem RK, Beauregard CG.
  Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system.
  Radiol Clin North Am. 1998 May;36(3):597-604. Review.

• Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Abdelwahab IF.
  Ultrasound of tendon tears. Part 1: general considerations and upper extremity.
  Skeletal Radiol. 2005 Sep;34(9):500-12. Epub 2005 Jul 6. Review

Doppler Imaging

• Schmidt WA.
  Technology Insight: the role of color and power Doppler ultrasonography in rheumatology.
  Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007 Jan;3(1):35-42; quiz 59.

• Schmidt WA.
  Doppler sonography in rheumatology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.
  2004 Dec;18(6):827-46.

• Matthias Hau, Hendrik Schultz, Hans-Peter Tony, Marc Keberle, Roland Jahns, Rainer Haerten, And Manfred Jenett.
  Evaluation of pannus and vascularization of the Metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal Joints in rheumatoid arthritis by high-resolution Ultrasound (multidimensional linear array).
  Arthritis & Rheumatism Vol. 42, No. 11, November 1999, pp 2303–2308

• Bude RO, Rubin JM.
  Power Doppler sonography.
  Radiology 1996; 200: 21-3.

• Cardinal E, Lafortune M, Burns P.
  Power Doppler US in synovitis: reality or artifact?
  Radiology 1996; 200: 868-9.

• P. C. Taylor
  Serum vascular markers and vascular imaging in assessment of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and response to therapy
  Rheumatology 2005 44(6):721-728;

• Wakefield RJ, Brown AK, O'Connor PJ, Emery P.
  Power Doppler sonography: improving disease activity assessment in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease.
  Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(2):285-8.

• Newman JS, et al.
  Detection of soft-tissue hyperemia: value of power Doppler sonography.
  AJR 1994;163:385-9 – Likely the the first publication on color Doppler sonography of joints

Monitoring Response to Treatment

• Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al.
  Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis.
  Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:1107-1116.

• D'Agostino MA, Breban M, Said-Nahal R, Dougados M.
  Refractory inflammatory heel pain in spondylarthropathy: a significant response to infliximab documented by ultrasound [letter].
  Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 840-1

• U Fiocco, F Ferro, M Vezzù, L Cozzi, C Checchetto P Sfriso, C Botsios, L Ciprian, G Armellin, R Nardacchione, A Piccoli, S Todesco and L Rubaltelli.
  Rheumatoid and psoriatic knee synovitis: clinical, grey scale, and power Doppler ultrasound assessment of the response to etanercept.
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005;64:899-905 

• L Terslev, S Torp-Pedersen, E Qvistgaard, H Kristoffersen, H Røgind, B Danneskiold-Samsøe and H Blidda.
  Effects of treatment with etanercept (Enbrel, TNRF:Fc) on rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62:178-181

• M Hau, C Kneitz , H-P Tony, M Keberle, R Jahns and M Jenett
  High resolution ultrasound detects a decrease in pannus vascularisation of small finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (etanercept)
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2002;61:55-58

• E Filippucci A Farina, M Carotti, F Salaffi and W Grassi.
  Grey scale and power Doppler sonographic changes induced by intra-articular steroid injection treatment
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004;63:740-743

• L Terslev, S Torp-Pedersen, E Qvistgaard, B Danneskiold-Samsoe and H Bliddal.
  Estimation of inflammation by Doppler ultrasound: quantitative changes after intra-articular treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62:1049-1053

• J Strunk, K Strube, U Müller-Ladner and U Lange.
  Three dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography confirms early reduction of synovial perfusion after intra-articular steroid injection
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006;65:411-412

• Teh J, Stevens K, Williamson L, Leung J, McNally EG.
  Power Doppler ultrasound of rheumatoid synovitis: quantification of therapeutic response.
  Br J Radiol. 2003 Dec;76(912):875-9 (Open label ultrasonographic response to iv methylprednisone)

Spondyloarthropathies – Evaluation of Entheses

• D'Agostino M-A, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C, Brasseur J-L, Dougados M, Breban M.
  Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: a cross-sectional study.
  Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 523-533.

• D'Agostino MA, Breban M, Said-Nahal R, Dougados M.
  Refractory inflammatory heel pain in spondylarthropathy: a significant response to infliximab documented by ultrasound [letter].
  Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 840-1

• Lehtinen A, Taavitsainen M, Leirisalo-Repo M.
  Sonographic analysis of enthesopathy in the lower extremities of patients with spondylarthropathy.
  Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12: 143-8.

• Lehtinen A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Taavitsainen M.
  Persistence of enthesopathic changes in patients with spondylarthropathy during a 6-month follow-up.
  Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13: 733-6.

• Balint PV, Kane D, Wilson H, McInnes IB, Sturrock R.
  Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in spondyloarthropathy.
  Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 905-10.

• Kane D.
  The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of psoriatic arthritis.
  Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005 Aug;7(4):319-24. Review.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• C. Martinoli, S. Bianchi, N. Gandolfo, M. Valle, S. Simonetti, and L. E. Derchi
  US of Nerve Entrapments in Osteofibrous Tunnels of the Upper and Lower Limbs
  RadioGraphics, October 1, 2000; 20(90001): 199S - 217

• T. T. Miller, C. Martinoli, L. E. Derchi, and S. Bianchi
  Invited Commentary
  RadioGraphics, October 1, 2000; 20(90001): 213S – 217

• H. B. Hammer, I. A. H. Hovden, E. A. Haavardsholm, and T. K. Kvien
  Ultrasonography shows increased cross-sectional area of the median nerve in patients with arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome
  Rheumatology, May 1, 2006; 45(5): 584 – 588

• Ziswiler HR, Reichenbach S, Vogelin E, Bachmann LM, Villiger PM, Juni P.
  Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective study.
  Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):304-11

• Y. M. El Miedany, S. A. Aty1 and S. Ashour.
  Ultrasonography versus nerve conduction study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: substantive or complementary tests? Rheumatology 2004;43:887–895

• Wong SM, Griffith JF, Hui AC, Tang A, Wong KS.
  Discriminatory sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.
  Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jul;46(7):1914-21.

• Swen WA, Jacobs JW, Bussemaker FE, de Waard JW, Bijlsma JW.
  Carpal tunnel sonography by the rheumatologist versus nerve conduction study by the neurologist.
  J Rheumatol 2001;28 : 62-69

• R. M. Stuart, E. S. C. Koh, and W. H. Breidahl
  Sonography of Peripheral Nerve Pathology
  Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2004; 182(1): 123 – 129

• J R C Ellis, E G McNally, and P M Scott
  Ultrasound of peripheral nerves
  Imaging, June 1, 2002; 14(3): 217 - 222

• Beekman R, Visser LH.
  Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a critical review of the literature.
  Muscle Nerve 2003; 27:26 –33

• Nakamichi KI, Tachibana S. 
  Enlarged median nerve in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.
  Muscle Nerve. 2000 Nov;23(11):1713-8.

Outcome Measures in Rheumatology

• OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology) http://www.omeract.org/